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type="block" width="1" height="48"></td>									</tr>									<tr height="320">										<td width="571" height="320" colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" xpos="16">											<table width="571" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">												<tr>													<td align="center">														<div class="subtitle" align="center">															<b>M&ouml;ssbauer Spectroscopy in Russia<br>																<br>															</b></div>													</td>												</tr>												<tr>													<td align="center"><img src="images/Russia1.gif" alt="" height="263" width="200" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/cover2705flat"></td>												</tr>											</table>										</td>										<td width="1" height="320"><spacer type="block" width="1" height="320"></td>									</tr>									<tr height="14044">										<td content csheight="14044" width="574" height="14044" colspan="3" valign="top" xpos="16">											<div class="maintext">												Russia has been a long-time contributor to the international M&ouml;ssbauer community. This issue of the Newsletter features reports from 21 active M&ouml;ssbauer research laboratories in Russia. The reports appear in descending order of most active Russian institutions, based on the records of the M&ouml;ssbauer Effect Data Center.<br>												<br>												<hr>												<p><b>M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p>There are three active research groups at the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University that contribute to the development of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. They are briefly described below.</p>												<div class="maintext">													<p><i><b>The Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry Techniques<br>															</b></i><i><b>Department of Chemistry</b></i></p>												</div>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Head of the Laboratory &#150; Prof. Yu. D. Perfiliev</p>																<p>Leading Scientist &#150; Prof. A. M. Babeshkin</p>																<p>Associate Professor &#150; Dr. L. A. Kulikov</p>																<p>Senior Scientist &#150; Dr. S. K. Dedushenko</p>																<p>Senior Scientist &#150; Dr. D. A. Pankratov</p>																<p>Engineer &#150; V. V. Kovalenko</p>																<p>Engineer &#150; I. A. Gorizontov</p>																<p>Technician &#150; L. N. Mitrofanova</p>																<p>Undergraduate Students &#150; V. A. Syomin, A. A. Chistyakov, S. V. Gromov</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" width="55%"><img src="images/Russia2.gif" alt="" height="225" width="300" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Perfiliev%20Report/1.jpg"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: Dr. L. A. Savrov &#150; Visiting Scientist, Dr. A. I. Shamov &#150; Guest, Creator of the M&ouml;ssbauer spectrometer &ldquo;Perseus&rdquo;,<br>																Dr. L. A. Kulikov &#150; Associate Professor, Prof. Yu. D. Perfiliev &#150; Head of the Laboratory, Mr. A. A. Chistyakov &#150; Student,<br>																Miss N. A. Vasilieva &#150; Student, Dr. D. A. Pankratov &#150; Senior Scientist, Dr. S. K. Dedushenko &#150; Senior Scientist</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<p>M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy of iron, cobalt, tin, and tellurium for solution of different chemical problems.</p>												<p>Investigation of higher oxidation states of iron: Obtaining new compounds by means of ordinary chemical approaches, ferrate(VI) in particular, as potential reagents for water and wastewater treatment. Stabilization of unusual oxidation states of transition elements, mainly iron and cobalt, by the matrix stabilization method.</p>												<p>Physicochemical consequences of Auger-ionization of atoms. The subject of study is the processes of high-energy chemistry associated with the creation of electron vacancies in deep shells of the atom. Some M&ouml;ssbauer genetic pairs of radionuclides are suitable to be used simultaneously as activators and analyzers of these processes. Electronic de-excitation of atoms proceeds via the Auger multiple ionization process. Its chemical consequences depend on localized self-radiolysis, the ability of scavenging the Auger and secondary electrons by the stabilizing dauther atom, photochemical transformation, etc.</p>												<div class="maintext">													<p><i><b>Laboratory of M&ouml;ssbauer Effect Applications in Physics of Solid State<br>															</b></i><i><b>Division of Solid State Physics<br>																Department of Physics</b></i></p>												</div>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Prof. A. Novakova<br>																	Dr. T. Kiseleva<br>																	Physicist P. Revokatov<br>																	Physicist E. Khval&rsquo;kovskaya<br>																	Engineer E. Hait<br>																	Engineer N. Volkova<br>																	Technician A. Volodin<br>																	Graduate Student D. Golubok<br>																	Graduate Student E. Smirnov<br>																	Graduate Student Yu. Il&rsquo;ina</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" width="55%"><img src="images/Russia3.gif" alt="" height="186" width="300" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Russian%20Photos/Novakova%20Group"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: Dr. T. Kiseleva, Prof. A. Novakova, Dr. O. Agladze, Student V. Denisova, Physicist E. Khval&rsquo;kovskaya</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li><sup>57</sup>Fe investigations of amorphous and nanosized iron compounds obtained during different metallurgical, chemical, biochemical, and geochemical processes and irradiation effects												</ul>												<p>The Laboratory of M&ouml;ssbauer Effect Applications in Physics of Solid State, attached to the Division of Solid State Physics and headed by Prof. Runar Kuzmin, was founded in 1962, and was one of the first M&ouml;ssbauer laboratories in the Soviet Union. During the first several years, equipment (M&ouml;ssbauer spectrometers, cryostats, furnaces, high pressure chamber, M&ouml;ssbauer diffractometer) was elaborate and self-made, and many experimental studies of different alloys and compounds were performed on the M&ouml;ssbauer isotopes <sup>57</sup>Co, <sup>119</sup>Sn, <sup>121</sup>Sb, and <sup>125</sup>Te by Dr. Kuzmin and his collaborators (young scientists and students). Among them were N. Ibraimov, A. Novakova, S. Irkaev, S. Nikitina, A. Opalenko, T. Gendler, and S. Godovikov. Simultaneously, the theoretical and experimental investigations of M&ouml;ssbauer diffraction and optics were performed by A. Kolpakov, V. Zasimov, M. Andreeva, and E. Ovchinnicova. Later the method of conversion M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy was worked out on the basis of new techniques by A. Novakova and A. Kiselev. Prof. Alla Novakova has headed the experimental investigations in the Laboratory for the past ten years.</p>												<p>Several books on M&ouml;ssbauer effect problems and educational books for students have been written under the Laboratory's auspices. Post-graduate courses have been held concerning the theory of the M&ouml;ssbauer effect, experimental investigation methods, the mathematical methods of M&ouml;ssbauer spectra fitting, and M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. More than 200 students and post-graduate students have performed their diploma and doctoral works during the Laboratory's existence, and 13 scientists have received the Doctor of Sciences degree.</p>												<p>The Laboratory is well equipped with several M&ouml;ssbauer spectrometers, and can measure M&ouml;ssbauer spectra in a wide temperature range (10-900 K) and in different geometries of registration. The Lab's technique of resonance electron registration with energy selection and conversion X-ray registration in the same gas flow proportional counter is useful in depth-selective studies of cluster nucleations on the crystal surface, and biologically stimulated corrosion processes. M&ouml;ssbauer investigations are performed in combination with X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, calorimetry, electron microscopy, and EPR. Samples for investigation are received from the Lab's collaborators from the Biological Department of Moscow State University, the Institute of New Chemical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of the Siberian Branch RAS, the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the RAS, Russian Nuclear Centers, and the Moscow State Steel and Alloys Institute.</p>												<p>Recent research efforts include investigations of the structural and magnetic state of polymer nanocomposites containing nanosized iron particles (<i>J. Magn. Magn. Mater.</i> <b>258-259</b>, 354-357, 2003); investigations of carbon nanostructures obtained on Fe-Ni catalyst (<i>Carbon</i>, in press 2004; <i>Russian Surface</i> (3), 70-73, 2004); irradiation effects in amorphous alloy Fe-Ni-Si-B (<i>J. Metastable Nanocryst. Mater.</i> <b>15</b>, 451-456, 2003); investigations of immiscible iron and indium interactions during mechanical attrition (<i>J. Alloys Compd.</i>, in press 2004; <i>Russian Surface</i> (3), 105-109, 2004); and investigation of ferrous iron accumulation in <i>Clamidomonas reinhadtii</i> (<i>Plant Physiol.</i> <b>131</b>, 1756-1764, 2003).</p>												<div class="maintext">													<p><i><b>M&ouml;ssbauer Spectroscopy of Local Non-Homogeneous Systems<br>																Department of Physics</b></i></p>												</div>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Group Leader &#150; Prof. V. S. Rusakov<br>																	Dr. N. I. Chistyakova<br>																	Post-Graduate Student A. B. Baranov<br>																	Post-Graduate Student A. A. Kotelnikova<br>																	Post-Graduate Student R. V. Kovalchuk<br>																	Graduate Student Yu. G. Kupin<br>																	Graduate Student I. A. Burkovskii<br>																	Student T. V. Gorohova<br>																	Student M. V. Volovetskii<br>																	Student T. V. Gubaidulina<br>																	Student M. A. Pereponova<br>																	Student A. V. Shkurenko</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center"><img src="images/Russia4.gif" alt="" height="189" width="300" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Russian%20Photos/Rusakov%20Group"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: I. A. Burkovsky, Y. G. Kupin, N. I. Chistyakova, V. S. Rusakov,<br>																A. B. Baranov</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Local non-homogeneous systems: amorphous systems, thin layers and laminar systems, mineral systems and meteorites													<li>Effect: laser and thermal annealing, static pressure, shock waves, deuteration, ion implantation, microbial activity													<li>Processes: crystallization, atomic ordering, diffusion, phase formation, spin reorientation, atomic implementation, isomorphic substitution, redox reactions													<li>M&ouml;ssbauer data evaluation												</ul>												<p>The scientific group &quot;M&ouml;ssbauer Spectroscopy of Local Non-Homogeneous Systems&quot; was formed in 1991. Since that time, more than 100 articles and two monographs have been published by members of the group, and five Ph.D. dissertations have been defended. The group has conducted collaborative research with the Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the RAS, the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry of the RAS, the State Research Centre Karpov Institute, the Institute of Microbiology of the RAS, the Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research in Wroclav, Poland, and the Institute of Nuclear Physics NNC in the Republic of Kazakhstan.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p>Honorary General Director: Prof. Academician Aleksandr Berlin</p>												<p>There are seven main groups in the N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics that contribute to the development of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. Those that contributed reports are briefly described below.</p>												<p><i><b>Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Nanoclusters and Nanostructures<br>															Gol&rsquo;danskii Department of Substance Structure</b></i></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Head of Laboratory &#150; Prof. Dr.Sc. I. P. Suzdalev<br>													Leading Researcher &#150; Dr.Sc. Y. V. Maksimov<br>													Leading Researcher &#150; Dr.Sc. V. N. Buravtsev<br>													Leading Researcher &#150; Dr. A. S. Plachinda<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. K. Imshennik<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. V. Matveev<br>													Researcher &#150; S. V. Novichikhin</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Physics and chemistry of surfaces and interfaces													<li>Nanoclusters and nanocluster structures													<li>Atomic dynamics and magnetism													<li>Catalysis and adsorption													<li>Rayleigh scattering of M&ouml;ssbauer radiation													<li>M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy												</ul>												<p>Recent research has focused on magnetic phase transitions in nanosystems and the structure-activity relationships during carbon dioxide reactions proceeding over intermetallic hydrides based on the alloy TiFe<sub>0.95</sub>Zr<sub>0.03</sub>Mo<sub>0.02</sub>.</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Biopolymer Dynamics<br>															Gol&rsquo;danskii Department of Substance Structure</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Head of Laboratory &#150; Dr.Sc. Yu. F. Krupyanskii<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. O. D. Vetrov<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. M. G. Michailyuk<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; A. N. Moroz<br>													Researcher &#150; S. V. Esin<br>													Researcher &#150; I. Grigor&rsquo;ev<br>													Diploma Students &#150; O. A. Korotina<br>													Diploma Students &#150; E. A. Okisheva</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Biologically inspired physics, biophysics, &quot;protein-like&quot; polymers												</ul>												<p>The goal of research is the investigation and quantitative description of general principles of the functioning of proteins and &quot;protein-like&quot; polymers, necessary for macromolecule engineering. Towards that end, the group at the Laboratory of Biopolymer Dynamics investigates the structure, dynamics, and folding of proteins and &quot;protein-like&quot; polymers. Specifically, the structure and dynamics of proteins belonging to the different structure families &#x3B1;-helical proteins, &#x3B2;-sheet proteins, &#x3B1;+&#x3B2; proteins, and &#x3B1;/&#x3B2; proteins, as well as membrane and non-membrane proteins &#150; are studied. In addition, the group investigates the fundamentals of folding of &quot;protein-like&quot; polymer macromolecules that should perform specific functions. The main experimental tools are Rayleigh scattering of M&ouml;ssbauer radiation technique (Esin, Grigor&rsquo;ev, Vetrov. Korotina, Okisheva), diffuse X-ray scattering (Esin, Grigor&rsquo;ev, Vetrov. Korotina, Okisheva), molecular dynamics simulations (Mikhailyuk, Moroz, Esin), and M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy (Esin, Grigor&rsquo;ev, Vetrov. Korotina, Okisheva). Data are treated by computer simulations, including molecular dynamics (Moroz, Mikhailyuk, Esin).</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Hyperfine Interactions<br>															Gol&rsquo;danskii Department of Substance Structure</i></b></p>												<p>The Laboratory of Hyperfine Interactions includes two groups. One investigates the structure, dynamics, and physical nature of chemical bonds in liquid crystals (the Main Researcher is Prof. Dr.Sc. V. Rochev). The other investigates high temperature superconductivity with the group from the Department of Kinetics and Catalysis (the Main Researchers are Prof. Dr.Sc. E. F. Makarov and Dr.Sc. L. G. Mamsurova).</p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Prof. Dr. Sc. V. Rochev<br>													Prof. Dr.Sc. E. F. Makarov<br>													Dr.Sc. L. G. Mamsurova</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>High temperature superconductivity (HTSC), M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy												</ul>												<p>The group investigates chemical modification of HTSC, the nature of HTSC, the influence of cations nonequilibrium distributions on local structure HTSC and its superconductivity. For instance, their article &quot;Features of the local structure of fine-grained HTSC YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>2,985</sub> <sup>57</sup>Fe<sub>0,015</sub>O<sub>y</sub>&quot;<sub> </sub>published in <i>Low Temperature Physics</i> <b>30</b>, 275 (2004), has been selected for the May 1, 2004, issue of the <i>Virtual Journal of Applications of Superconductivity</i>. The <i>Virtual Journal</i>, which is published by the American Institute of Physics and the American Physical Society in cooperation with numerous other societies and publishers, is an edited compilation of links to articles from participating publishers, covering a focused area of frontier research. You can access the Virtual Journal at &lt;<a href="http://www.vjsuper.org">http://www.vjsuper.org</a>&gt;.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Institute of Metal Physics<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch<br>														Ekaterinburg</b></p>												<p>The M&ouml;ssbauer effect was first used in the studies at the Institute of Metal Physics (IMP), Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the early 1960s. Dr. E. E. Yurchikov (IMP) was the first in the Ural region to measure a M&ouml;ssbauer spectrum using an installation with a mechanical drive. The first generation of NGR specialists, who started the works at the IMP in the 1960s-1970s, included Dr. G. Ugodnikov, Dr. I. A. Dubovtsev, Dr. V. A. Tsurin, Prof. E. P. Yelsukov, Dr. N. P. Filippova, Dr. V. A. Shabashov, Dr. V. V. Serikov, and Dr. V. N. Kaigorodov. Today the IMP has several teams that use the NGR method as applied to problems of metal physics. They are briefly described below.</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Mechanical Properties</i></b></p>												<p>The Laboratory of Mechanical Properties (headed by Prof. V. V. Sagaradze) incorporates a group of researchers working with the M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopic method. Among them are:</p>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Group Leader, Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. A. Shabashov</p>																<p>Researcher, Information Support &#150; Dr. A. G. Mukoseev</p>																<p>Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. M. Koloskov</p>																<p>Researcher &#150; Dr. A. V. Litvinov</p>																<p>Senior Researcher, Guest Specialist &#150; Dr. V. A. Semionkin</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" width="45%"><img src="images/Russia5.gif" alt="" height="178" width="250" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Shabashov%20Report/Shabashov%20Group"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: Dr. V. A. Shabashov, Dr. A. V. Litvinov, Dr. A. G. Mukoseev, Prof. V. V. Sagaradze</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Research in the field of physics of the phase transformation, creation of high-strength metastable alloys, control of TEC in Fe-Ni invars, mechanically activated formation of the nanocrystalline state, mechanical synthesis of interstitial and substitutional solid solutions, dissolution of intermetallics, carbides, nitrides, oxides during pressure-shear cold deformation.<br>														<br>													<li>Metastable phase diagrams, structural transitions, atomic redistribution, short-range ordering in systems based on Fe-Ni, Fe-Mn and Fe-Cr alloys, formation and decomposition of intermetallics in Fe-Ni-Ti (Al, Zr) alloys exposed to strong deformation effects or radiation with high-energy electrons and neutrons. Structure of constructional alloys after irradiation in a reactor with a fast-neutron fluence of 10<sup>19</sup>-5x10<sup>22</sup> n/cm<sup>2</sup>.												</ul>												<p>The group has developed equipment for NGR observations <i>in situ</i> during high-pressure (up to 25 GPa) shear. The group has M&ouml;ssbauer SM 2201 (Russia) and WISSEL MS II (Germany) spectrometers at its disposal. A superconducting solenoid type MD 1046 (Oxford, England) is used for temperature and magnetic measurements. Active samples (after neutron irradiation) are analyzed in an NGR spectrometer at Beloyarskaya Atomic Power Plant.</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Ferromagnetic Alloys</i></b></p>												<p>The Laboratory of Ferromagnetic Alloys (headed by Prof. Alexander S. Ermolenko) includes a M&ouml;ssbauer group employing:</p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. V. Serikov<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. N. M. Kleinerman</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Using NGR and NMR spectroscopic methods, the group analyzes magnetic and structural features of magnetically ordered alloys based, in the main, on Fe and rare-earth elements.												</ul>												<p>Recent research has included investigation of the structural and magnetic properties of the ternary system Mn<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub>Pd<sub>x</sub>; studies on the real structure of the intermetallic compounds R<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>17</sub> (R = Ce, Lu) using neutron powder diffraction, NMR, and NGR methods; investigation of the structure and magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline alloy Fe<sub>73.5</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub>Nb<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>13.5</sub>B<sub>9</sub>; investigation of the phase content and homogeneity of the Fe-Cu alloys synthesized by mechanoactivation under pressure; the phase separation in isostructural systems between ordering alloy and intermetallic compound; and hyperfine fields in Ce<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>15.3</sub>M<sub>1.7</sub> (M = Fe, Si, Al).</p>												<p><b><i>M&ouml;ssbauer Group<br>															Department of Electronic Properties</i></b></p>												<p>The M&ouml;ssbauer Group at the Department of Electronic Properties (headed by Prof. V. V. Ustinov) includes the following researchers:</p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. A. Tsurin<br>													Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. L. N. Romashev<br>													Younger Researcher &#150; V. V. Kononikhina</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Analysis of the atomic and magnetic structure of interlayer boundaries in metallic superlattices formed by alternating layers of ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals having characteristic thickness of 1-5 nm and possessing a gigantic magnetoresistive effect (for example, in <sup>57</sup>Fe/Cr superlattices). Thanks to this effect, the aforementioned new nanosized materials present not only scientific but also a great practical interest. The M&ouml;ssbauer investigations performed by the group open up perspectives for creation of metallic superlattices with preset magnetic transport properties.<br>														<br>													<li>Analysis of the local magnetic structure of interfaces in Fe/Cr multilayers and its dependence on layer thickness and growth conditions. Determination of redistribution of metallic cations in nanocrystallic powders of mechanically synthesized magnetites. Investigation of forming atomic short ordering and magnetic properties in mechanically synthesized alloys and powdered connections of Fe with 2p and 3d elements, in order to trace mechanisms responsible for stability and instability of materials in nanocrystalline state.												</ul>												<hr>												<p><b>Physical-Technical Institute<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch<br>														Izhevsk</b></p>												<p>The new Physical-Technical Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established in 1983 in Izhevsk, growing from its origins in the Ekaterinburg Institute of Physics of Metals. There are two main groups in the Institute that contribute to the development of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. They are briefly described below.</p>												<p><i><b>Non-Equilibrium Metallic System Laboratory</b></i></p>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Head of Laboratory &#150; Prof. E. P. Yelsukov<br>																	Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. E. V. Voronina<br>																	Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. G. A. Dorofeev<br>																	Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. G. N. Konygin<br>																	Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. L. V. Dobysheva<br>																	Senior Researcher &#150; Dr. V. M. Fomin<br>																	Researcher &#150; Dr. O. M. Nemtsova<br>																	Researcher &#150; Dr. A. L. Ul&rsquo;yanov<br>																	Researcher &#150; Dr. I.V.Povstugar<br>																	Head of the Theoretical Physics Laboratory &#150; Prof. A. K. Arzhnikov (Collaborator/Theorist)</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" width="45%"><img src="images/Russia6.gif" alt="" height="151" width="250" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Russian%20Photos/Yelsukov%20Group"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: G. A. Dorofeev, A. L. Ul&rsquo;yanov, G. N. Konygin, L. V. Dobysheva, E. P. Yelsukov, A. K. Arzhnikov, E. V. Voronina, V. M. Fomin, O. M. Nemtsova</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Structure-phase transformation in metallic systems during mechanical grinding and alloying<br>														<br>													<li>Magnetism of non-ordered (nanocrystalline and amorphous) quasi-binary Fe-(Si,C), Fe-(Sn,Si), Fe-(Si,Ge), Fe-(Ge,Sn) alloys and of ordered Fe<sub>75</sub>-(Si,Ge)<sub>25</sub> and Fe-Al alloys												</ul>												<p>The Laboratory was established on 5 December 1983, and the first M&ouml;ssbauer spectra was obtained on that day. The Chair of the Laboratory is Prof. E. P. Yelsukov, who was awarded the State Scientific Prize by the Russian Federation in 1993, was named a Merited Scientist of the Udmurst Republic in 1999, and received a Science Foundation grant in 2000. The researchers of the group are graduates of Kazan, Moscow, Ural, and Udmurt State Universities. The staff of the Laboratory consists of 16 people, eight of whom are working in the M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy field. The Laboratory uses X-ray diffraction, magnetic studies, and EXAFS spectroscopy in addition to M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy in its research. Since the formation of the Lab in 1983, about 200 scientific articles have been published by the group, and two Doctor of Sciences and ten Candidate of Science theses have been defended. Currently, the Lab sponsors two participants in the Ph.D. program, and welcomes one student from Udmurt State University who is involved in research.</p>												<p>The Laboratory has conducted collaborative research with the Institute of Physics of Metals (RAS, Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg), the Institute of Chemistry of Solids in Mechanochemistry (RAS, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk), and the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University (Moscow).</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Condensed Matter Theory</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>A. K. Arzhnikov<br>													L. V. Dobysheva</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>First-principles calculations													<li>Magnetism													<li>Disordered systems													<li>Multilayers												</ul>												<p>The group investigates formation of the hyperfine fields in alloys of Fe with sp-elements such as Si, Sn, and Al with the help of first-principles calculations of the valence, core, and orbital contributions to the hyperfine field. The effect of the environment of the Fe nuclei is studied. A possibility of usage of the hyperfine field at Sn nuclei in multilayers Fe/Cr for determination of the Cr magnetic state is studied last time. The group works in a close collaboration with an experimental M&ouml;ssbauer laboratory led by Prof. Ye. P. Yelsukov.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>St. Petersburg State University<br>														St. Petersburg</b></p>												<p>There are two main groups at St. Petersburg State University that contribute to the development of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. They are briefly described below.</p>												<p><b><i>M&ouml;ssbauer Laboratory<br>															Department of Chemistry</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Prof. Dr.Sc. V. G. Semenov<br>													Prof. Dr.Sc. V. M. Uzdin<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; V.V. Panchuk<br>													Diploma Student &#150; A.Yu. Beljaev<br>													Student &#150; V.S. Volodin</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Magnetism of surface and interfaces													<li>Synchrotron M&ouml;ssbauer reflectometry													<li>Surface phenomena													<li>X-ray and gamma-ray optics													<li>Methodological problems												</ul>												<p>M&ouml;ssbauer studies at St. Petersburg State University (formerly Leningrad State University) were started by G. N. Belozerskii in 1960. He wrote the first experimental paper in the USSR on the M&ouml;ssbauer effect. During the early period, the main research activity of the M&ouml;ssbauer group was in the field of solid-state physics: catalytic properties of Fe-based compounds, frozen solutions. In the early 1970s the group began theoretical and experimental investigations of the relaxation phenomena in superparamagnetic particles. After 1974, corrosion studies were the group's main research objects. Starting in 1986, the interest of the M&ouml;ssbauer group shifted to depth selective surface and multilayers studies with grazing incidence M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. Experimental and theoretical investigations are performed in close cooperation with S. M. Irkaev (Institute of Analytical Instrumentation, St. Petersburg) and M. A. Andreeva (Moscow State University). Samples for investigation are received from collaborators from the Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Physics of Uppsala University. The group&rsquo;s current research focus is analytical application of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy in combination with other physics methods for the nondestructive depth selective diagnostics of the near surface layers. As for teaching activity, the group gives lectures for students of the Chemical Department of the University.</p>												<p><b><i>Group of Investigations of Nuclear After-Effects<br>															Department of Radiochemistry</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Group Leader &#150; I. E. Alekseev<br>													Technical Problems of M&ouml;ssbauer Experiments &#150; A. K. Avenirov<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; D. E. Maslennikov</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>The study of structure and processes of migration of impurity radiation damages (impurity &quot;hot&quot; atoms) formed in metals as a result of transformation of nuclei due to nuclear reactions caused by charged particles (p, d, 4He, 12C, 14N, 16O), neutrons or owing to radioactive changes													<li>The study of the irradiated metals (and alloys) with a different nuclear prehistory												</ul>												<p>Scientific investigations run in cooperation with the Cyclotron Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (Chief of Laboratory &#150; V. V. Lazarev); the Department of Neutron Investigations, Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Gatchina, Russia (Coordinator of Works &#150; S. P. Orlov); and the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials &quot;Prometey&quot;, St. Petersburg, Russia (Coordinator of Works &#150; V. V. Darmograi). The basic results of investigations over the last 10 years are reflected in more than 70 scientific publications.</p>												<hr>												<p><b><sup>a </sup>Group of M&ouml;ssbauer Spectroscopy<br>														Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics<br>														Chernogolovka</b></p>												<p><b><sup>b</sup> Laboratory of Oxidation Catalysis over Zeolites<br>														Boreskov Institute of Catalysis<br>														Novosibirsk</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Group Leader, Head of Laboratory &#150; Dr.Sc., Prof. Gennady I. Panov<sup>b</sup><br>													Dr. K. A. Dubkov<sup>b</sup><br>													Dr. E. V. Starokon<sup>b</sup><br>													Dr. L. V. Piryutko<sup>b</sup><br>													Dr. N. S. Ovanesyan<sup>a</sup><br>													Dr.Sc. A. A. Shteinman<sup>a</sup></p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Fe-containing zeolites													<li>Surface Fe-complexes													<li>Heterogeneous catalysis													<li>Benzene to phenol oxidation													<li>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) decomposition												</ul>												<p>The main goal of research conducted by the group is to clarify the nature of active sites and the state of active iron responsible for catalysis over Fe-containing ZSM-5 zeolites, which are the best catalysts in the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol by nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and provide nearly 100% selectivity.</p>												<p>By means of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy for the first time it was possible to investigate the evolution of iron states in FeZSM-5 zeolite upon its high-temperature activation (calcination in vacuum or in steam). Activation process was shown to cause an intensive reduction of iron yielding two types of dinuclear Fe<sup>2+</sup> complexes [Dubkov K.A., Ovanesyan N.S., Shteinman A.A., Starokon E.V., Panov G.I., <i>J. Catal.</i> <b>207</b> (2002), 341-352].</p>												<p>A thorough quantitative comparison between the amount of various iron species in the zeolite and its catalytic properties allowed the group to obtain a pronounced correlation between the concentration of the reduced Fe<sup>2+</sup> species and concentration of active sites (so-called a-sites) [Dubkov K.A., et al., ibid]. The linear dependence clearly shows that these Fe<sup>2+</sup> complexes are responsible for catalytic properties of the zeolite.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														St. Petersburg</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers<br>													</i>&quot;Basic Properties of Magnetic Materials&quot;</p>												<p>Head of Group &#150; Prof. Dr.Sc. A. S. Kamzin<br>													Visiting Scientist &#150; Prof. S. I. Yschuk<br>													Dr. L. A. Grigor&rsquo;ev<br>													Dr. L. P. Ol&rsquo;khovik<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; Yu. N. Mal&rsquo;tsev (currently in Germany)<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; L. A. Grigor&rsquo;ev<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; V. L. Rozenbaum (currently in USA)<br>													Post-Graduate Student &#150; D. B. Vcherashnii<br>													Student &#150; P. Gliantsev (every year two diploma students)</p>												<p>Application of the M&ouml;ssbauer effect for the study of magnetics and ferroelectricity was started in the Department of Magnetism and Ferroelectricity in 1968 by Chief of the Department G. A. Smoleskii, of the group headed by Prof. V. A. Bokov. In 1972 the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences was integrated with the A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.</p>												<p>Using M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy, the Lab has studied different properties of magnetic materials. Since 1980 Prof. A. S. Kamzin has headed the M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy group, and the Lab began applying the M&ouml;ssbauer effect to the study of magnetic phenomena on the surface of crystals. In 1988 M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy was combined in transmission gamma-ray geometry and backscattering conversion electrons and conversion X-rays in backscattering geometry targeting simultaneous investigation of surface and bulk magnetic properties. That idea was realized in a unique M&ouml;ssbauer system, the design of which contained original solutions. By using that equipment, the Lab has shown that new methods have preferences, and this new method was dubbed by Prof. U. Gonser as &quot;Simultaneous Triple Radiation M&ouml;ssbauer Spectroscopy&quot; (STRMS).</p>												<p>With the help of this original method and equipment, it became possible to investigate processes simultaneously on the surface and in the bulk of crystals at the phase transitions, at the Curie or Neel points, as well as at the spin-reorientation phase transitions in the bulk of crystal. Changes of the bulk magnetic properties of crystals in direction to the surface were studied. It has been demonstrated by theoretical analysis that the experimental results obtained by the new method are of crucial importance for understanding fundamental magnetic properties.</p>												<p>Other directions of research include:</p>												<ul>													<li>Magnetic properties of materials for ultrahigh density magnetic recording devices													<li>Nanocrystals of Ba-hexagonal ferrites													<li>Nanocrystalline Fe-M-N thin films, where M = Al, Ta, on other metals													<li>Ba-hexagonal ferrites thin films												</ul>												<hr>												<p><b>Laboratory of M&ouml;ssbauer Spectrometry<br>														Faculty of Experimental Physics<br>														Physico-Technical Department<br>														Urals State Technical University<br>														Ekaterinburg</b></p>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>																<p>Leading Researcher &#150; Dr. V. A. Semionkin, Head of Laboratory</p>																<p>Leading Researcher &#150; D.Sc. M. I. Oshtrakh, Head of Biophysical and Biomedical Studies (Division of Applied Biophysics, Faculty of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control, Physico-Technical Department, Ural State Technical University)</p>																<p>Associate Professor &#150; Dr. O. B. Milder</p>																<p>Associate Professor &#150;Dr. Yu. N. Sekisov (Radio-Technical Department, Ural State Technical University)</p>																<p>Ph.D. Student &#150; E. G. Novikov</p>																<p>Ph.D. Student &#150; A.I. Pikulev</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" valign="middle" width="45%"><img src="images/Russia7.gif" alt="" height="188" width="250" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Russian%20Photos/oshtrakh%20group.jpg"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: A. I. Pikulev, Dr. V. A. Semionkin, Dr. Yu. N. Sekisov (standing), E. G. Novikov, Dr. M. I. Oshtrakh, Dr. O. B. Milder (sitting)</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Technical Development (Doppler modulation development to increase the resolution of M&ouml;ssbauer spectrometry)													<li>Biomedical Applications													<li>Biophysical Applications													<li>Iron Alloys													<li>Archeological Application													<li>Mineralogy													<li>Meteorites													<li>Study of the effect of radiation on biological molecules, the effect of ions and neutron beams, electric field on iron alloys and archeological subjects												</ul>												<p>The Laboratory was established in 1969 at the Division of Radiation Material Science, Physico-Technical Department, Ural Polytechnical Institute (now the Urals State Technical University). Further, the Division was renamed as the Division of Applied Biophysics and then included into the Faculty of Physical Techniques and Devices for Quality Control. In 1982, the Laboratory was re-placed in the Faculty of Experimental Physics. More than 90 papers and 17 patents have been published since 1969.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p>There are several groups in the Kurchatov Institute that contribute to the development of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. Those that contributed reports are briefly described below.</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Gamma Resonance Spectroscopy<br>															Institute of Nuclear and General Physics<br>															Department of Nuclear Problems</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Chief of the Laboratory &#150; Prof. Dr.Sc. G. V. Smirnov</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research/Contributions</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Development of a new domain: experimental gamma-ray optics													<li>First observation of pure nuclear diffraction of gamma rays in crystals													<li>Elaboration of synchrotron M&ouml;ssbauer source													<li>Observation and comprehensive studies of the effect of suppression of inelastic channels													<li>Observation of energy-dependent Pendell&ouml;sung effect													<li>Observation and investigation of nuclear gamma exciton													<li>Development of the theory of nuclear resonant coherent and incoherent scattering a) in the presence of diffusive motion of nuclei, and b) under influence of ultrasound.												</ul>												<p>Recent research has focused on the study of quasielastic scattering by M&ouml;ssbauer time domain interferometry.</p>												<p><b><i>Laboratory of Elementary Processes<br>															Institute of Nuclear and General Physics<br>															Department of Nuclear Problems</i></b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Leading Scientific Worker &#150; Prof. V. G. Tsinoev<br>													Senior Scientific Worker &#150; Dr. V. M. Cherepanov<br>													Scientific Worker &#150; I. V. Morozov</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>P, T, CP &#150; parity non-conservation in nuclear M&ouml;ssbauer transitions; experimental studies of the parity non-conservation using <sup>197</sup>Au, <sup>161</sup>Dy, <sup>119</sup>Sn, <sup>57</sup>Fe, <sup>237</sup>Np nuclear transitions												</ul>												<p>Recent research has focused on testing T-invariance by means of the M&ouml;ssbauer transition in <sup>171</sup>Yb. It was found that time parity conserved with an accuracy of 7&#x25CA;10<sup>-5</sup> (to be published).</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<div class="maintext">													<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>													<p>Head of Laboratory &#150; Prof. I. S. Lyubutin</p>													<p>Dr. T. V. Dmitrieva (magnetic materials, diamagnetic nuclei probes)</p>													<p>Dr. V. G. Terziev (HTSC materials)</p>													<p>Dr. V. A. Sarkisyan (M&ouml;ssbauer methodic, radio-frequency modulation of M&ouml;ssbauer radiation, high pressure studies, synchrotron X-ray measurements)</p>												</div>												<table width="563" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1">													<tr>														<td>															<div class="maintext">																<p>Dr. A. G. Gavriliuk (high pressure M&ouml;ssbauer, NFS-synchrotron and X-ray measurements)</p>																<p>Dr. I. A. Trojan (high pressure NFS-synchrotron and optical measurements)</p>																<p>Dr. N. S. Ovanesyan (low-dimensional magnetic systems, diamagnetic nuclei probes)</p>																<p>Dr. V. V. Yakovlev (magnetic spinel structures)</p>																<p>Ph.D. Student &#150; K. V. Frolov (HTSC materials, quasicrystals)</p>																<p>O. N. Morozov (low temperature measurements)</p>															</div>														</td>														<td align="center" width="55%"><img src="images/Russia8.gif" alt="" height="236" width="300" border="0" livesrc="file:///MERDJ/MERDJ%2027%20(2004)/2705:Newsletter%20Stuff/Russian%20Reports/Lyubutin%20Report/lub13.jpg"><br>															<span class="caption">L-R: V. I. Bobrov, V. G. Terziev, T. M. Dymenko, O. N. Morozov, T. V. Dmitrieva, T. A. Khimich, I. S. Lyubutin, L. A. Popkova, K. V. Frolov, V. V. Yakovlev and A. S. Stepin</span></td>													</tr>												</table>												<div class="maintext">													<p>Prof. V. S. Pokatilov (M&ouml;ssbauer and NMR in magnetic materials)</p>													<p>Dr. T. A. Khimich (M&ouml;ssbauer and NMR spin-echo technique in magnetic materials)</p>													<p>Dr. E. N. Morozova (NMR in magnetic ferroelectrics)</p>													<p>A. S. Stepin (neutron diffraction, heavy-fermions systems)</p>												</div>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Magnetic interactions and magnetic structures in materials with different crystal structures													<li>High pressure M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy in diamond anvil cells													<li>Nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation at high pressures													<li>High pressure X-ray, optical absorption, Raman scattering, and electroresistivity measurements													<li>Diamagnetic nuclei probes in magnetic materials (by both M&ouml;ssbauer and NMR methods)													<li>High temperature superconductors (HTSC)													<li>Quasicrystals													<li>CMR (colossal magneto-resistance) materials in the systems based on LaMnO<sub>3</sub> and FeCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>													<li>Magnetic ferroelectrics												</ul>												<p>The A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICRAS) is one of first places in the USSR where the M&ouml;ssbauer effect method was developed (perhaps just after Prof. V. S. Shpinel's group at Moscow University and V. I. Gol'danskii's group in the Institute of Chemical Physics). The work was begun at the Institute in 1962 by Igor Lyubutin, who was a Ph.D. student at that time. Currently, Prof. I. S. Lyubutin's laboratory in ICRAS is called the Laboratory of Resonance Methods, and besides the M&ouml;ssbauer group it includes the NMR/NQR group and the neutron diffraction and synchrotron radiation groups. Over 22 researchers are now working in the laboratory, including those listed above.</p>												<p>Most recent research efforts are related to high-pressure M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. The technique of high-pressure diamond anvil cells (up to 1.5 Megabar) has been developed for measurements of microscopic-size crystals. New types of magnetic, electronic, structural and spin transformations induced by high pressures have been found recently in magnetic oxides.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>M&ouml;ssbauer Group<br>														Laboratory of Surface Physics and Microelectronic Devices<br>														Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Prof. A. M. Afanas'ev<br>													Dr. M. A. Chuev<br>													Post-Graduate Student N. P. Aksenova</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Nanocrystalline magnetic materials													<li>Magnetic relaxation effects													<li>Evaluation methods for spectral analysis													<li>M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy under rf field excitation												</ul>												<p><i>Latest Results</i></p>												<p>The group has developed an alternative approach for the solution of ill-posed problems, which allows one to find spectral models with the maximum possible number of lines and has been called the DISCVER (&quot;Discrete Versions of M&ouml;ssbauer Spectra&quot;) method. The group has applied this method for the treatment of a number of M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of different types, in particular of complex <sup>57</sup>Fe M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of the nanostructured Fe<sub>86-x</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub>Nb<sub>x</sub>B<sub>13</sub> alloys in collaboration with the laboratory of Prof. J. Hesse at Braunschweig University in Germany.</p>												<p>The group has performed a generalization of the conventional two-level relaxation model for a system of fine single-domain particles, taking into account the inter-particle interaction. This model has been successfully applied in analyzing the M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of the nano-structured ferromagnetic alloys.</p>												<p>The group has essentially extended the theoretical basis of M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy under rf field excitation proved. Facilities of the method should be strongly enhanced within their prediction of a new type of resonant phenomena: relaxation-stimulated resonances revealed in the M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of nanocrystalline magnetic materials in an rf magnetic field.</p>												<p>Recently, they have studied the effect of rotation of the single-domain particle&rsquo;s magnetic moment in the magnetic anisotropy field on the M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of hyperfine structure and found that, due to rotation, there occurs a renormalization of the nuclear g-factors, which results in a qualitative transformation of M&ouml;ssbauer absorption spectra. In particular, along with conventional <sup>57</sup>Fe magnetic sextet, partial spectra consisting of 'magnetic' quintuplet, quartet, triplet, and even doublet of lines can be formed. This peculiarity in forming the spectra of magnetic hyperfine structure should be taken into account in analyzing the M&ouml;ssbauer spectra of materials with nano-sized magnetic particles.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>M&ouml;ssbauer Group<br>														Institute of Solid State Physics<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														Chernogolovka</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Dr. V. Sedykh &#150; M&ouml;ssbauer studies<br>													Prof. V. Sh. Shekhtman &#150; X-ray Diffraction Analysis<br>													Prof. E. V. Suvorov &#150; Electron microscopy<br>													Dr. A. V. Dubovitskii &#150; Synthesis and Crystal Growth</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Study of structure modulation in single crystals of Bi-ferrites (isostructural with Bi-cuprates) depending on the cation substitution (Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>x</sub>, Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>x</sub>, Bi<sub>2-y</sub>Pb<sub>y</sub>Sr<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>x</sub>), change in oxygen subsystem, introduction and removal of layers from the lattice (Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>4</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>x</sub>, Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>FeO<sub>x</sub>)<br>														<br>													<li>Structural phase transitions in lanthanum manganite LaMnO<sub>3+&#x03B4;</sub><br>														<br>													<li>Study of nanocrystallization of amorphous CoSiBFeNb alloys												</ul>												<hr>												<p><b>Laboratory of M&ouml;ssbauer Investigations/Nuclear Gamma Resonance Laboratory<br>														Department of Applied Nuclear Physics<br>														Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (State University)<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p><i>Names of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Prof. V. P. Filippov<br>													Dr. A. B. Bateev<br>													Engineer Yu. Yu. Ivanov<br>													Engineer R. N. Pugachev<br>													Postgraduate student Yu. A. Shikanova</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Application of the M&ouml;ssbauer method to investigations of zirconium alloys, oxides of zirconium alloys and steels, corrosion												</ul>												<p>The Laboratory of M&ouml;ssbauer Investigations was organized in 1964, and has installations which allow it to carry out investigations in transmission geometry, scattering geometry with registration &#x03B3;-rays and X-rays (6.3 keV) and CEMS. The investigations deal with zirconium alloys, corrosion of zirconium alloys, steels, detection of molecular states of aggressive gasses.</p>												<p>Scientific achievements obtained at the Lab include the development of a new method of phase determination of zirconium oxides and alloys, from the point of view of the presence of iron and tin compounds, sensitivity is 0.02% mass, and up to six phases can simultaneously be determined. The following items have been established: the presence of intermetallic Zr<sub>2</sub>Fe, the phenomenon of metal particles (&#x03B1;-Fe and &#x03B2;-Sn) precipitates formation in ZrO<sub>2</sub> (it was found that particles of iron metal can be in the form of nanoparticles and they can have the high-temperature phase state), interaction between corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys and redistribution of Fe and Sn atoms in oxide films, and influence of iron addition into zirconium alloys.</p>												<p>The group plans to study the influence of thermomechanical treatment on the &#x03B1; Fe and Sn atom states in NSF, Zyrcalloy-2, E-635 alloys, which are prepared industrially with natural Fe and Sn isotopes enrichment. The group plans to study changes of Fe and Sn atom state in zirconium alloys irradiated in fast neutron reactors, and to improve techniques of experiments and processing of M&ouml;ssbauer spectra.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics<br>														Russian Academy of Sciences<br>														Moscow</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Group Leader &#150; Prof. V. A. Belyakov (L.D.Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics)<br>													Prof. Yu. M. Aivazian (All-Russian Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radiotechnical Measurements)<br>													Dr. S. V. Semenov (Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute)</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>Theory of M&ouml;ssbauer gamma optics in transmission and scattering geometries applied to determination of the crystalline and magnetic structures of crystals, in particular, by means of the pure nuclear reflections<br>														<br>													<li>Theory of elastic and inelastic M&ouml;ssbauer scattering of synchrotron radiation aimed to facilitate experimental observation of fine solid state effects, such as the density of phonon states, and to create a frequency standard in the gamma-ray frequency range												</ul>												<p>The theoretical scientific group was formed in the beginning of the 1970s in the All-Union Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radiotechnical Measurements (Moscow). Since that time, approximately 20 articles and two monographs have been published by members of the group.</p>												<hr>												<p><b>M&ouml;ssbauer Gamma Optics Group<br>														Department of Electronics and Automatics<br>														Kazan State Power Engineering University</b></p>												<p><i>Names and Titles of Researchers</i></p>												<p>Group Leader &#150; Dr. E.A. Popov<br>													Dr. E. A. Yanvarev<br>													Dr. V. V. Kosulin,<br>													Dr. S. M. Kutsenko</p>												<p><i>Areas of Research</i></p>												<ul>													<li>The effects of quantum interference in nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation induced by both external and intrinsic perturbations<br>														<br>													<li>Nuclear superfluorescence effects<br>														<br>													<li>Amplification of gamma radiation without inversion and electromagnetic induced transparency in gamma optics												</ul>												<p>The scientific group M&ouml;ssbauer Gamma Optics was organized in 1996. Up to the present more than 30 articles have been published by members of the group. The group is open for contact with other groups and single scientists.<br>												</p>											</div>										</td>										<td width="26" height="14044"></td>										<td width="1" height="14044"><spacer type="block" width="1" height="14044"></td>									</tr>									<tr height="1" cntrlrow>										<td width="16" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="16" height="1"></td>										<td width="560" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="560" height="1"></td>										<td width="11" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="11" height="1"></td>										<td width="3" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="3" height="1"></td>										<td width="26" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="26" height="1"></td>										<td width="1" height="1"></td>									</tr>								</table>							<!-- #EndEditable -->						</td>						<td width="1" height="14445"><spacer type="block" width="1" height="14445"></td>					</tr>					<tr height="1" cntrlrow>						<td width="115" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="115" height="1"></td>						<td width="617" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="617" height="1"></td>						<td width="1" height="1"><spacer type="block" width="1" height="1"></td>					</tr>				</table>				<hr>																												This site is supervised by M&ouml;ssbauer Effect Data Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. 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